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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can improve symptoms, but it could also have side effects. If you have adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. The most common prescription medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the amount of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in both adults and children. It works by enhancing the activity in brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other ailments, such as the condition known as narcolepsy. It can assist people suffering from Narcolepsy to remain awake and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also worsen behavior and tics in some people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, patients with these conditions should consult their doctor. It's important to tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye found in some processed foods and in some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is known to interact with drugs, such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. This includes isocarboxazid linezolid and methylene blue. rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These medications can have a negative impact on your heart rate or blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin) and the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT), and the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT), contain Phenylalanine. This could be dangerous if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria is present. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant medication is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a form of depression that manifests in autumn-winter. It can also be used to help people stop smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed effect RR pooled for week-6 improvement (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion could cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions when taken together with other drugs. These include antidepressants and sedatives as well as some blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures in those who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant are not advised to take it. Bupropion is available under the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a class of drugs that alter brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants to be that were developed, and though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression they can still be effective in some people with other ailments. They block the reuptakes of dopamine as well as serotonin, which increases the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective for ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms and may reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated and uncontrollable sounds or movements like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation, and can increase the risk of heart problems. They can interact with other medications, like anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic reactions in animals, and they may cross the placenta. If you have any concerns consult your physician for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a less harmful adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that hinder serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in certain individuals and are effective in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This results in variable blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline may help reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. medication for adult add may cause a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these drugs it is essential to consult your doctor. It is typical for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. Research and development of new medication is ongoing. It is also crucial to disclose all the medications you take to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications don't work for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant called a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs, but they are more secure and have less side effects. They are used to treat numerous conditions, including anxiety disorders and long-term pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain which is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal the phasic release of norepinephrine. The increase in norepinephrine levels enhances mood and focus. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken orally as pills, but they can also be used as liquids or patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is not a controlled drug since it doesn't have the potential to be misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but they can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly reduce scores on various ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a doctor before taking these medications. Furthermore, improperly discarded medication could cause harm to animals and people, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the advantages and disadvantages of these medications. SNRIs aren't suitable for everyone. For instance pregnant women or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they could be absorbed into breast milk. They should also not be taken by those who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people who suffer from ADHD find that medication helps improve their focus and attention. They may also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help individuals learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each person takes time. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find an equilibrium between side effects and benefits. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, enhance the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. While they are generally effective and safe for the majority of people, they can trigger serious side effects like decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects usually disappear within several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They might take longer to effect their effects, but they can improve the ability to control impulses and concentration. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and guanfacine. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and help with impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, a depressant, has been used to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD however, drug makers eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this disorder.